Nptel video lectures, iit video lectures online, nptel youtube lectures. Limitation of first law the first law of thermodynamic states that a certain energy flow takes place when a system undergoes a process or change of state is possible or not. This law states consider three bodies namely a, b, c, if a and b are individually in thermal equilibrium with a third body c then, the bodies a and b also will. Therefore, while the quantity, based on the first law, of.
The notion of entropy is needed to provide that wider scope of the law. The zeroth law of thermodynamics is essentially equivalent to the transitive property of mathematics. The second law of thermodynamics tells us that it is not possible to convert all the heat absorbed by a system into work. The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two separate systems are in equilibrium with a third system, then they are in equilibrium with each other. It also places limitations on the minimum energy input needed to operate a refrigerator. Why it is important to formulate the law for open systems can be illustrated with fig.
Work and efficiency as motivation for the development of the second law, we examine two types of processes that. Lecture notes will be provided and supplemented with assignments that. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left. The second law of thermodynamics explains the phenomenon of irreversibility and the increasing entropic trend of nature. Hero of alexandria documents many early thermal engines. We will introduce the rst and second law for open systems. Carnots cycle realization in closed and open systems for ideal gas and vapour states. The second law of thermodynamics this law places fundamental limitations on the efficiency of an engine or a power plant. Som, department of mechanical engineering, iit kharagpur.
In contrast to mechanics, thermodynamics does not possess equations of motion. Thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics in the course of discussions on the first law of thermodynamics we concluded that all kinds of energy are equally useful, none of them is a preferred one, but in the case of isolated system it has to be conserved. Basic thermodynamics video to text lecture notes 06 nptel second. Nobel laureate physicist erwin schrodinger went against the second law of thermodynamics which says that a system tends toward greater disorder sheiman writes, deleting from the law the important conditional in a closed system. However, those contents do not necessarily represent the policy of fipse and the department of education, and. The increase of the internal energy of a system is equal to the sum of the heat added to the system plus the work done on the system.
Gases expand from a high pressure to a low pressure. As many creationists do, he implies that the existence of life on earth violates the second law of thermodynamics. And one place you always find entropy is in the second law of thermodynamics, because it allows us a third way to state the second law, which is that the total entropy of a closed system will always be seen to increase. This document covers entropy, the second law, and its applications to chemical equilibrium at a level. This video tell why second law, discuss about engine cycles, kelvin plank and clausius statements, refrigerator and heat pump and their cops for more explanation refer engineering thermodynamics. This section includes extremely refined notes for every lecture given in the course. The second law of thermodynamics and carnots engine. For the reversible isothermal process, for the gas. Applied thermodynamics pdf applied thermodynamics by onkar singh very popular book in india as well as south african, asia and europe countries it provides the complete treatments of applications of thermodynamics as well as conceptual understandings of energy and exergy system such as turbine, heat exchanger, nozzle, internal combustion engine, compressible flow analysis. The answer to such irreversibility resides the second law of thermodynamics which explained in this and the next lecture.
To learn more about the laws, check out the law of thermodynamics pdf. Relate to the 1st law of thermodynamics thermal expansion cracking the nut. Irreversibility and the second law of thermodynamics. Similar to humanmade machines, living structures are subjected to entropy. The second law of thermodynamics is commonly referred to as the law of entropy, and it holds that energy becomes less usable over time. The second law of thermodynamics is also used in determining the theoretical limits for the performance of commonly used engineering systems, such as heat engines and refrigerators, as well as predicting the degree of completion of chemical reactions. Carnots cycle thermodynamic behavior of a pure substance and properties. The first, second, and third law of thermodynamics. Physical processes in nature can proceed toward equilibrium spontaneously. The second law states that if the physical process is irreversible, the combined entropy of the system and the environment must increase. Applied thermodynamics videos, lectures, classes, courses, books, tutorials nptel thermodynamics videos, thermodynamics video lectures, thermodynamics video classes. Biological thermodynamics may address the question of whether the benefit associated with any particular phenotypic trait is worth the energy investment it requires. The major interactions that occur in thermodynamics are between the systems and their environments.
Some of this material is quite challenging, be sure to read this material carefully. Thermodynamics is not concerned about how and at what rate these energy transformations are carried out, but is based on initial and final states of a system undergoing the change. Basic thermodynamics video to text lecture notes 06 nptel free download as pdf file. Preserving the quality of energy is a major concern of engineers. Learn for free, pay a small fee for exam and get a certificate. The second law of thermodynamics states that the heat energy cannot transfer from a body at a lower temperature to a body at a higher temperature without the addition of energy. Lecture notes thermodynamics of materials materials science. Choosing a clever system is half the solution of many thermodynamical problems. The second law of thermodynamics is probably the most important axiom or law of nature in. So the second law is directly relevant for many important practical problems. The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law that is not symmetric to reversal of the time direction. Nptel syllabus advanced engineering thermodynamics web course course outline the present course on advanced engineering thermodynamics deals with indepth theories of thermodynamics.
The second law of thermodynamics for the free expansion, we have. This does not conflict with notions that have been observed of the fundamental laws of physics, namely cpt symmetry, since the second law applies statistically, it is hypothesized, on timeasymmetric boundary conditions. Sign in 4 applications of second law of thermodynamics. The final entropy must be greater than the initial entropy for an irreversible process. Applied thermodynamics pdf engineering, mechanical. Technically, if its a reversible process, the entropy could stay the same. Property relationships for pure substances and mixtures, thermodynamic relations, ideal gas mixtures, combustion thermodynamics, gas power cycles, vapour power cycles, refrigeration cycles, reciprocating compressors, compressible flows and steam nozzles.
Basic thermodynamics nptel online videos, courses iit. Second law of thermodynamics the first law of thermodynamics is a statement of the principle of conservation of energy. Q, is the product of the temperature t, both of the system and of the sources or destination of the heat, with the increment ds of the. Understanding the zeroth law of thermodynamics high. Laws of thermodynamics apply only when a system is in equilibrium or moves from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state. The amount of heat transferred depends upon the speed and motion of the atoms or molecules, as they interact with one another. Ideal gas law and kinetic theory of gases chapter 20 entropy and the second law of thermodynamics now we to look at temperature, pressure, and internal energy in terms of the motion of molecules and atoms. And entropy, you always find this guy lurking around. Lecture series on applied thermodynamics for marine systems by prof. Nptel, online courses and certification, learn for free. First law of thermodynamics, does not govern the direction of natural processes. Second law of thermodynamics, entropy and availbility. Basic concepts of thermodynamics thermodynamics and energy.
Introduction to second law of thermodynamics youtube. There are four laws of thermodynamics, they are zeroth law of thermodynamics first law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics third law of thermodynamics zeroth law of thermodynamics. Second law of thermodynamics definition of second law of. Thermodynamics of equilibrium all about entropy, free energy and why chemical reactions take place. This course is on basic engineering thermodynamics. A process can occur when and only when it satisfies both the first and the second laws of thermodynamics. Biological thermodynamics is the quantitative study of the energy transductions that occur in or between living organisms, structures, and cells and of the nature and function of the chemical processes underlying these transductions.
Second law of thermodynamics florida state university. The second law of thermodynamics introduces the notion of entropy s, a measure of system disorder messiness u is the quantity of a systems energy, s is the quality of a systems energy. Work and heat, first law of thermodynamics, pure substances and steam tables and ideal and real gases, basics of energy conversion cycles, second law of thermodynamics, entropy, availability and irreversibility. Lecture 14 ideal gas law and terms of the motion of. This is why running an air conditioner for a long period of time, costs you money. The carnot heat engine is discussed in detail to show how there is an. The second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics states that processes occur in a certain direction, not in just any direction.
Suppose a certain quantity of energy q as heat can be received from a body at temperature t. The second law of thermodynamics is concerned with the maximum fraction of a quantity of heat that can be converted into work. Hindi second law of thermodynamics l heat engine l heat pump l refrigerator l gate 2018 mechanical duration. Nptel nptel online certification course course on laws. The second law also asserts that energy has a quality.
1069 142 107 1101 1023 866 994 811 1296 738 159 134 562 1542 1443 834 365 1159 1586 593 1186 149 1492 405 197 1313 1255 511 1474 1204 913 1345 641 307 891 1031 893 1216 576 64 1027 1439 286